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Key Colombian leaders linked to death squads

(12-16) 04:00 PST Bogota, Colombia -- A scandal has rocked the administration of President Alvaro Uribe after revelations that dozens of public officials loyal to his party have ties with right-wing death squads listed by Washington as terrorist organizations.

The disclosures reveal that mayors, governors, members of Congress, judges and even the current foreign minister have ties to violence and narcotics traffickers.

"The paramilitaries have taken control of a good part of the (Uribe) administration," former President Cesar Gaviria, leader of the opposition Liberal Party, told reporters last month.

The scandal began early this year when two political parties that support the conservative Uribe -- the Bush administration's closest ally in South America -- expelled five of their congressional candidates for ties to right-wing paramilitary militias, which have killed tens of thousands of civilians and run drug-trafficking networks.

But the affair exploded last month after the Supreme Court ordered the arrest of three legislators and a former congresswoman -- all Uribe allies -- for being part of a paramilitary group that brutally massacred 16 villagers in 2000 using rocks and machetes, a trademark paramilitary method of murder.

It looks like the involvement of the AUC is much more pervasive than was first reported.

Read the entire article here:

http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/12/16/MNGM8N0V001.DTL

By Patrick on Dec 17, 2006, 12:30 in Politics & the war. AddThis Social Bookmark Button


jay1234 says on Dec 17, 2006, 12:39:

Only one thing that is a surprise Nothing in the article should come as a surprise. The only thing that amazes me is that the information is coming out so soon. I would have expected it to take another 10-20 years before any of this came to light. The interesting thing is what effect it has internally and in Washington's relations with Uribe government. My bet is business as usual as far as the US is concerned. He is just too valuable of an ally to the administrations thinking, IMHO.

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Miguel_Clavo says on Dec 17, 2006, 13:07:

"The paramilitaries have taken control of a good part of the (Uribe) administration," former President Cesar Gaviria, leader of the opposition Liberal Party, told reporters last month.

would you expect the opposition to say otherwise??

"The scandal began early this year"...wow is this guy slow...the year is almost over!

it will be business as usual.....

Just my opinion...

Miguel_Clavo.....Colombia es pasión!

"F.A.R.C..S.U.C.K.S"

"I would rather die living life, than to live a dying life."........ Oh, and my PM is always ON. Great Bumper Sticker: "Home of the Free, Because of the Brave"

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juancegomez says on Dec 17, 2006, 16:12:

Nothing really new...deja vu It may sound overly harsh, but this is just one more article. It doesn't really include any significant pieces of new information or new perspectives (some of the stuff which has surfaced since, for example, which as always is better reported elsewhere), it just repeats, reinterprets and rewords information that was already available.

There are also too many little details that the author gets wrong for my liking. I like to nitpick, but at this time I don't feel like typing up a list, especially a repetitive one. But if the article can't get several small but significant details right (the entire deal with the foreign minister comes to mind), it's a sign of sloppiness.

Revisiting this subject in the future, once more information accumulates and is reported in the foreign media, may actually be useful.

I'll just reiterate this a bit: All this information, although much was and still remains unclear, is coming to light through an internal legal process. The Uribe administration has its own responsibilities in all this, for several reasons, and it should face them. However, the phenomenon as a whole is more complex and goes back much further than that (past administrations and a particular foreign state come to mind). Therefore, any response to it should take that into account. At least the article has a couple of hints in that direction, through Mr. Rangel's last quote. Merely chopping off a few heads won't be the final solution.

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Cali2005 says on Dec 21, 2006, 11:42:

Colombia Dictatorship - Democracy Hybrid ENGLISH VERSION BELOW

Colombia ha estado en las garras de una de las peores dictaduras, la que no tiene un dictador.

Hace más de medio siglo no ha habido un golpe de estado. Pero el país ha sido ensangrentado como ningún otro en América Latina. Sus instituciones han sido perneadas por criminales. Lo han logrado gracias a su inmenso poder económico derivado del narcotráfico, y al terror que siembran centenares de sus asesinos desplegados por todo el país disponiendo a su antojo de la vida y de los bienes de la población.

Pablo Escobar, por ejemplo, puso el estado a funcionar a su favor. Penetró desde las más altas esferas del gobierno hasta la población más pobre. A esta última le daba ayudas, incluso en dinero efectivo, le regalaba casas, campos deportivos, iglesias, escuelas. Así pues, del Congreso y de otras instituciones gubernamentales salían leyes y disposiciones a su favor. De los barrios humildes, a los que él ayudaba, salían sus sicarios mas feroces.

Deseoso de adquirir plenamente el reconocimiento social, Escobar hizo aprobar leyes hechas especialmente para él y después se entrego a la justicia. Fue recluido en La Catedral, cerca a su ciudad natal, Medellín. Era lugar lujoso, acondicionado a su gusto en el que vivía como un rey y desde el que seguía dirigiendo sus tenebrosos negocios. Escobar era el jefe del cartel de Medellín, pero para entonces habían surgido otros carteles, como el de Cali, desatándose una guerra entre esas organizaciones criminales.

Un día Escobar se aburrió en La Catedral y se fue. Agudizó la guerra contra sus enemigos narcotraficantes y arreció el terrorismo contra la población inerme. El 2 de diciembre de 1993 fue muerto en Medellín.

Con el nombre de Proceso 8.000, se conoció el gran escándalo desatado cuando se descubrió que el presidente Ernesto Samper, había sido elegido con dineros de la mafia, especialmente del cartel de Cali. Varios congresistas, ministros y otros altos funcionarios fueron procesados, algunos estuvieron un tiempo a la cárcel. A Samper lo juzgo el Congreso y lo absolvió.

Colombia vive hoy uno de sus peores momentos en esa nefasta historia de ser una dictadura sin dictador.

El actual presidente es Álvaro Uribe. Él hizo aprobar una reforma constitucional para hacerse reelegir. Después de un triunfo arrollador en las urnas, acaba de posesionarse. Pero ya se destapó la olla podrida de cómo ganó las elecciones.
El mayor azote de Colombia son los paramilitares. Estos grupos armados ilegales de derecha surgieron para combatir a la guerrilla de izquierda que no solo sembró violencia sino que se dedicó al narcotráfico. Pero con los paramilitares resulto más peligroso el remedio que la enfermedad.

Una de las génesis del paramilitarismo fueron las cooperativas Convivir, creadas y defendidas por el hoy presidente Uribe. Cuando fue alcalde de su ciudad, Medellín, capital del departamento de Antioquia del cual fue gobernador, las Convivir fueron su programa bandera.

Los paramilitares se extendieron por todo el país (sin que hubieran acabado con la guerrilla) sembrando muerte, desolación y terror y apoderándose de las mejores tierras. Además, hoy son los mayores narcotraficantes.

Los paramilitares se organizaron en las Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia (AUC).
En la primera administración de Uribe empezaron un proceso de desmovilización para lo cual el Congreso aprobó la ley “De justicia y paz”. Los contactos entre los paramilitares y el gobierno se llevó a cabo en Santa Fe Ralito. La ley “De justicia y paz” establece que los jefes paramilitares deben concentrarse en un solo sitio y que serán juzgados únicamente por los crímenes que ellos mismos acepten y que solo devolverán los bienes que ellos decidan. Muchos de esos jefes paramilitares están pedidos en extradición por Estados Unidos pero el presidente Uribe (quien es, entre otras cosas, el mandatario mas amigo que tiene el presidente Bush en América Latina) determina quién puede ser extraditado.

Después de mucho rogarles para que se concentraran en un lugar, 59 jefes paramilitares aceptaron permanecer juntos en el centro vacacional de La Ceja, cerca de Medellín a la espera de que los “juzguen” con base en la ley “De justicia y paz”. Mientras tanto, desde ese centro siguen delinquiendo, según las constantes denuncias que se hacen. Ante los rumores de que estaban pensando irse, 23 de ellos fueron trasladados a la cárcel de Itagüí, también cerca de Medellín. Un lector del diario El Tiempo, escribió “sólo los cambiaron de hotel”.

Los jefes paramilitares que se acogieron a la ley “De Justicia y paz” son narcotraficantes y asesinos brutales. Hay unos que sobresalen como el llamado “Jorge 40” de quien la revista Semana en un artículo que tituló “el genio del mal” dice que es “una historia llena de ambición, corrupción, impunidad, traición y muerte”. Otro de los tenebrosos personajes es Salvatore Mancuso.

“Jorge 40” y Mancuso están pedidos por Estados Unidos por narcotráfico pero el presidente Uribe se niega a extraditarlos. Uno de los que no ha aceptado concentrarse en La Ceja es Vicente Castaño quien, entre los muchos crímenes que se le atribuyen, está el haber mandado matar a su propio hermano, Carlos Castaño, uno de los fundadores de las AUC.

¿Cómo se logró la ley “De justicia y paz” diseñada para que los paramilitares se legalicen quedando libres de culpa por sus crímenes atroces y conservando las inmensas fortunas conseguidas con el narcotráfico y a sangre y fuego? Se logró porque por Santa Fe Realito desfilaron congresistas y altos funcionarios del gobierno. De esos encuentros clandestinos entre paramilitares, políticos y funcionarios salieron los compromisos que hoy tienen a Colombia en uno de los escándalos más graves y vergonzosos.

Los paramilitares se habían jactado de que dominaban el 35% del Congreso. Pero a raíz de la elección de Álvaro Uribe esa presencia aumentó mucho más. Hasta donde han podido llegar los investigadores, se sabe que la estrategia para ganar las elecciones fue también ideada en Santa Fe Ralito. Consistió en que los paramilitares crearon sus propias zonas electorales, especialmente en regiones donde tienen completo dominio. Impusieron sus candidatos y los que se oponían los hicieron renunciar o irse. Quienes no aceptaron, los mataron. Luego, bajo amenazas de muerte obligaron a la gente a votar. Así eligieron senadores, representantes diputados y concejales. Son también numerosos los gobernadores y alcaldes que han logrado elegir por ese sistema. Todos los votos los canalizaron hacia la reelección de Álvaro Uribe.

Se sabe de por lo menos 40 congresistas elegidos por los paramilitares.
Entre los senadores investigados está Álvaro Araújo hermano de la ministra de Relaciones Exteriores de Colombia, María Consuelo Araújo, a quien el presidente Uribe le ha reiterado su total respaldo.

Hace pocos días, en Italia fue capturado Giorgio Sale, con negocios en Colombia y quien está señalado de ser un capo de la mafia del narcotráfico y de manejarle los negocios en Europa al paramilitar y narcotraficante colombiano Salvatore Mancuso. Conversaciones telefónicas grabadas y videos muestran la estrecha relación entre Giorgio Sale y José Alfredo Escobar, presidente del poderoso Consejo Superior de la Judicatura, el organismo colombiano que controla todo el poder judicial, incluyendo a los abogados litigantes. A raíz del escándalo, Escobar dejó el cargo de presidente pero sigue como magistrado.

Su esposa, Ana Margarita Fernández, tuvo que renunciar al cargo de secretaria general de la Procuraduría nacional al comprobarse su amistad con Sale. En una conversación telefónica grabada que se conoció públicamente, ella le agradece emocionada a Giorgio los regalos que le hizo a ella y a su esposo. En Colombia dicen que el escándalo apenas comienza.

Colombia: Dictatorship without a dictator

Colombia has been in the clutches of one of the worst dictatorships, but it is not led by a dictator.

The South American country has not seen a coup for more than half a century, but more blood has been spilled there than in any other nation in the region.

Criminals have rocked Colombian institutions due to their immense financial power stemming from drug dealing and the terror sowed by hundreds of murderers deployed throughout the country, disposing of the lives and goods of the population at will.

Notorious for his brutal drug crimes, Pablo Escobar made the state work for his benefit. He infiltrated the highest circles in government as well as the poorest of neighborhoods. He lavished the latter with support, including money, houses, athletic fields, churches and schools. So, laws favorable to Escobar came out of Congress and other government institutions, while his most ferocious hired assassins were recruited from humble neighborhoods.

In his desire to gain full social recognition, Escobar secured the approval of custom-made laws before turning himself in to justice. He served time in La Catedral, close to his native city, Medellin. The prison was a luxurious setting, outfitted with royal comforts, from which Escobar was able to conduct his macabre business.

Escobar was the chief of the Medellin Cartel, but by the time he was arrested, there were other cartels such as Cali. A war between these criminal organizations would soon begin.

The day Escobar became bored with his reclusion in La Catedral, he left. The war against his drug-dealing enemies intensified and terrorism against a defenseless populace became severe. Escobar was killed on Dec. 2, 1993, in Medellin.

With the name Proceso 8000, a large scandal involving then President Ernesto Samper became public. Samper had been elected with money from the cartels, especially Cali. Several members of Congress, secretaries and other high-ranking officials were processed, and some even served time in jail. Samper was judged by the Congress, which found him innocent.

Today, Colombia is living through one of the worst times in its disastrous history as a population living under a dictatorship without a dictator. The current president is Alvaro Uribe, who reformed the constitution to secure his re-election.

After winning a landslide election and an inauguration into office, it became public how rotten Uribe’s victory was.

The paramilitary is the largest lash against Colombia. These illegal right-wing armed groups were conceived with the purpose of fighting leftist guerrillas that had not only spread violence, but also had become involved in drug dealing. However, with the paramilitary, it has been apparent that the medicine has been worse than the ailment.

A genesis of the paramilitary movement is the cooperatives Convivir, which were created and defended by current president Uribe.

When Uribe was mayor of his city, Medellin, capital of the Antioquia state, the Convivir groups were his flagship program. The paramilitary spread throughout the country, but did not end the leftist guerrilla movement; instead, it paved its own trail of murders, desolation and terror, and took possession of the best lands. Today, members of the paramilitary are heads of the drug-trafficking business.

The paramilitary have organized into the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia league (AUC). During Uribe’s first administration, a demobilization process was launched, for which Congress approved the law "De justicia y paz" (Of Justice and Peace). These exchanges between the paramilitary and government took place in Santa Fe Ralito.

This law establishes that trials against the chiefs of the paramilitary must occur in only one place; that they will be judged on the crimes to which they admit; and that they will only return the money and lands they want to relinquish.

The United States has requested the extradition of many of these paramilitary chiefs, but Uribe -- who is a close friend of the United States’ President Bush -- ultimately decides who will be extradited.

After repeated pleas to keep the paramilitary in just one place, 59 chiefs agreed to stay together in the recreational center in La Ceja, close to Medellin, while they wait to be judged according to the law De justicia y paz.

In the meantime, reports allege that they continue to commit crimes. Because of a persistent rumor that they are getting ready to leave, 23 chiefs were taken to the Itagui jail, not far from Medellin. A reader of El Tiempo wrote, “They only changed the hotel.”

The paramilitary leaders who are making use of this law are drug dealers and brutal murderers. Some are notable, such as Jorge 40 who was described by the magazine Semana as a “master of evil, and a history of ambition, corruption, impunity, betrayal and death.”

Another terrifying character is Salvatore Mancuso. The United States has requested the extradition of both Mancuso and Jorge 40 for their involvement in drug trafficking, but Uribe denies this request.

One paramilitary chief who has not agreed to enter La Ceja is Vicente Castano, who, along with other brutal actions, put out a contract for the murder of his own brother Carlos, a founder of the AUC.

How did the "De justicia and paz" law get approved? How did a law designed to legalize the paramilitary, expiate its atrocious crimes and secure immense fortunes that had been amassed with drug trafficking, blood and fire come into existence? Well, members of Congress along with high-ranking government officers marched through Santa Fe Realito and in clandestine meetings with the paramilitary, which helped to develop the most serious and shameful compromises in this country's history.

The paramilitary boasted its influence over 35 percent of Congress members. After Alvaro Uribe’s election, this influence has increased. Investigations also suggest that even the strategy for Uribe’s victory was developed in Santa Fe Ralito.

The paramilitary re-drew the electoral districts, so that divisions where it had complete dominance would be established. The paramilitary had its own candidates, and those who opposed it had to quit or leave. Those who insisted in their opposition were murdered.

Later on, people were forced to vote under murder threats. This is how senators, representatives and council members were elected. Many governors and mayors also have been elected this way. Every vote was channeled to secure Uribe’s re-election. In fact, there are at least 40 members of Congress who were directly chosen by the paramilitary.

Sen. Alvaro Araujo is among those under investigation. He is the brother of the Foreign Relations Secretary Maria Consuelo Araujo, who has president Uribe's complete support.

A few days ago, Giorgio Sale was captured in Italy. Sale is a businessperson in Colombia and has been identified as a boss in the drug-trafficking mafia and doing business in Europe for the Colombian paramilitary and drug dealer Salvatore Mancuso.

Recorded telephone conversations and surveillance videos show the close relationship between Giorgio Sale and Jose Alfredo Escobar, president of the powerful Consejo Superior de la Judicatura, the Colombian entity in charge of the judicial power, including prosecutors.

Due to the scandal, Escobar left his job as president, but continues to be a magistrate. His wife, Ana Margarita Fernandez, had to quit her job as attorney general after her friendship with Sale was confirmed.

In a recently recorded phone conversation, she sounded overcome with emotion while thanking Giorgio for the gifts he made to her and her husband. In Colombia, people are saying that the scandal is just starting.

Medellin Apartments and Tours http://www.MedellinApartments.INFO

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juancegomez says on Dec 21, 2006, 15:28:

Cali2005 This seems strangely familiar or at least a curious coincidence...so I'm intentionally going to "copy and paste" most of my reply from elsewhere.

The article you've posted, Cali2005, illustrates exactly why I respect certain critics, such as Gustavo Petro, more than others. Being critical, in itself, is no virtue. Some people are good at it and others are poor. The nationality of the publisher grants no immunity from that.

For one thing, even if he's not perfect, Petro's much less sloppy and inaccurate, compared to the author of the article that you posted (the editor of "Nuestra Comunidad", whose name does not appear to be on the webpage). Even when Petro criticizes Uribe, and he has done so very harshly (and, to an extent, rightfully IMHO) these days, he doesn't slip quite as much as this guy.

"A genesis of the paramilitary movement is the Convivir groups, which were created and defended by Uribe.

Defended, yes. Created, no. If you're going to hold Uribe accountable for something (which he deserves to be, in many cases), at least get the facts and the extent of the accusation right.

It can be considered "a" genesis, yes, but not "the" genesis (which makes the whole concept of "genesis" moot, if you think about it).

Quote:

When Uribe was mayor of Medellin, capital of the Antioquia state, the Convivir groups were his flagship program.

Absolutely wrong, as evidenced by even a basic Google search.

Uribe was mayor of Medellín in 1982. The Convivir groups were created nationwide by the National Government's decree 356 of 1994.

It isn't just me who is saying that. The CIDH agrees:

317. Las CONVIVIR fueron originalmente creadas por el decreto 356 del 11 de febrero de 1994, aunque dicho decreto no las llamó por este nombre. El decreto que las constituyó estableció las normas y regulaciones por las que los diferentes "servicios de vigilancia y seguridad privada" se regirían a partir de la fecha. Estas normas establecieron los "servicios especiales de vigilancia y seguridad privada" que consistirían en grupos de civiles a los que se les permitiría portar armas y que trabajarían con las Fuerzas Militares colombianas. La Superintendencia de Vigilancia y Seguridad Privada fue autorizada para regular y supervisar los varios servicios de seguridad que estableció el Decreto 356.

318. El 27 de abril de 1995, la Superintendencia expidió una resolución que establecía que los servicios especiales de vigilancia y seguridad privada se denominarían "CONVIVIR". En una resolución posterior, fechada el 22 de octubre de 1997, la Superintendencia determinó que no se debería usar más el nombre CONVIVIR. La Comisión hace notar que continuará refiriéndose a dichos servicios como CONVIVIR, pues éste es el término que el público y estos mismos grupos usan.


http://www.cidh.org/countryrep/Colom99sp/capitulo-4e.htm

And so did Mr. Horacio Serpa, who also defended them at the time:

El entonces Ministro del Interior, Horacio Serpa Uribe, hacía una defensa de las mismas ante el Senado de la República, indicando que fueron autorizadas “para que los ciudadanos pudieran cumplir una actividad de cooperación con la Fuerza Pública, en el propósito de brindar mejores márgenes de seguridad a los colombianos, particularmente en las zonas rurales… No pretende el gobierno de ninguna manera estimular el paramilitarismo. Son organizaciones que no pueden tener ningún carácter punitivo, que si están armadas solamente pueden tener armas de defensa personal… su misión fundamental es la de información
a la autoridad”.

http://www.arlac.be/paramilitarismo/html/pdf/deuda13.pdf

It was therefore impossible for Uribe, unless he somehow had a time machine back then, to "create" the CONVIVIR when he was mayor of Medellin and did not have the power to issue decrees on behalf of the National Government. Not in 1982 nor in 1994.

Quote:

The paramilitary organized into the Autodefensas Unidas de Colombia league (AUC). During Uribe's first administration, a demobilization process was launched, for which Congress approved the law "De justicia y paz" (Of Justice and Peace). These exchanges between the paramilitary and government took place in Santa Fe Realito.


Nitpick: Santa Fe de Ralito and "Ley de Justicia y Paz".

Quote:

This law establishes that trials against the chiefs of the paramilitary must occur in only one place; that they will be judged on the crimes to which they admit; and that they will only return the money and lands they want to relinquish.

Actually reading the text of the law itself (especially after the Constitutional Court's ruling which modified several aspects, and has been praised for it by the CIDH and even human rights NGOs) reveals that this is an extremely liberal and sloppy interpretation of the law, even in the worst case scenario. It is a flawed law, still, but it has been improved and its actual flaws need to be pointed out clearly and honestly.

http://www.coljuristas.org/archivos/9752005/sentencia975.doc

The guy probably didn't even read it. I'd bet he just mimicked somebody else's opinions and figured that'd be enough.
Quote:

The United States has requested the extradition of many of these paramilitary chiefs, but Uribe -- who is a close friend of the United States' President Bush -- ultimately decides who will be extradited.

Actually, the government has already authorized the extradition of several AUC leaders.

However, they were simultaneously suspended as long as they fulfill certain conditions directly linked with the negotiation / demobilization and judicial process. In other words, the extradition is already authorized, but it will only have an effect if each of them are found to not comply with several requirements.

Here's one example:

http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/sne/2005/septiembre/29/07292005.htm

http://www.altocomisionadoparalapaz.gov.co/noticias/2006/agosto/
documentos/desmovilizados_con_peticion_de_extradicion.29.08.06.pdf

Quote:

In the meantime, reports allege that they continue to commit crimes. Because of a persistent rumor that they are getting ready to leave, 23 chiefs were taken to the Itagui jail, not far from Medellin. A reader of El Tiempo wrote, "They only changed the hotel."


Does "a reader" have anything to offer other than his own opinion? Itagüi is not a former recreational center by any means, even if it is obviously subject to some of the same problems that do plague most of Colombia's jails. It may be "a hotel", but it is one to which plenty of common criminals go to. It is not a special detention center for the paramilitaries or what not.

Quote:

The paramilitary leaders who are making use of this law are drug dealers and brutal murderers. Some are notable, such as Jorge 40 who was described by the magazine Semana as a "master of evil, and a history of ambition, corruption, impunity, betrayal and death."


Yes, but that is hardly something we didn't all know.

Quote:

Another terrifying character is Salvatore Mancuso. The United States has requested the extradition of both Mancuso and Jorge 40 for their involvement in drug trafficking, but Uribe denies this request.

Incorrect, as discussed above.

Quote:

Well, members of Congress along with high-ranking government officers marched through Santa Fe Realito and, in clandestine meetings with the paramilitary, helped to develop the most serious and shameful compromises in this country's history.


Quote:

The paramilitary re-drew the electoral districts, so that divisions where it had complete dominance would be established. The paramilitary had its own candidates, and those who opposed it had to quit or leave. Those who insisted in their opposition were murdered.

Most of these events are real, but they are being presented in chronological disorder and mixing cause-effect relations, for the author's own convenience.

Illegal "electoral districts" were unofficially created and divided by the paramilitaries for the purposes of the 2002 Congressional elections (no actual modification of any legal "electoral districts" has occurred for a long time in Colombia), not during the later paramilitary talks.

Claudia López has actually written a lot about it:

http://www.nuevoarcoiris.org.co/local/regiones1107.htm

The number of "unopposed" candidates and murders of opposition candidates was significantly lower during the 2006 Congressional elections too, if you check it out. Which wasn't the case at all during the 2002 and 2003 elections and much, much further back. In fact, even going at least as far back as the 1980s if the author had actually tried to research the subject.

Quote:

People were forced to vote under murder threats. This is how senators, representatives and council members were elected. Every vote was channeled to secure Uribe's re-election.

Yes, *some* people were forced to vote and that is how *some* (probably more than a few, but far, far from all) senators and representatives were elected, and logically that is probably also how *some* votes were channeled in favor of Uribe's reelection in paramilitary strongholds (which, curiously, include many places where Uribe actually *lost* in 2002, for those that care to check the figures). Beyond that, see above. But most of the votes, unfortunately for the author's hypothesis, do not come from paramilitary strongholds.

If the author wanted to make a valid criticism about the legitimacy of an electoral structure and system that has, for decades, allowed for horrible things to happen, this sure isn't the way to do it.

As for the Sale-Escobar affair, the magistrate and his wife were unusually friendly with a criminal. That makes him morally questionable, but not much else at this point in time, unless you automatically want to use the "guilty by association" fallacy. In any event, that would merit a discussion of its own, rather than adding it at the tail end of another article.

One final nitpick: The Consejo Superior de la Judicatura is far from the only or even main entity in charge of Colombia's "judicial power", which actually has several branching divisions that aren't seem (all at once) in other countries.

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